What led to the end of indus valley civilization

This civilization is said to have come to an abrupt end. The following reasons are put forward for its abrupt end:

1.The neighboring desert encroached on the fertile area and made it infertile.

2. Regular floods destroyed the area.

3. Aryan invaders killed people and destroyed the Indus Valley Civilization. The Harappan people were peace loving. They did not have weapons to attack others or to defend themselves. They had implements for hunting or farming. So they could not defend themselves against the invaders. The destruction of these people by Aryans was a sad event in history. The Aryans lived in villages and knew nothing of urban life. Thus it took hundred of years again for India to have beautiful cities like Mohen-jo-daro and Harappa.

4. The end was partly caused by changing river patterns. These changes included the drying up of the Hakra River and changes in the course of the Indus River. The river changes disrupted agricultural and economic systems, and many people left the cities of the Indus Valley region.

5. Earthquakes and Epidemics caused destruction.

The races which were superior, physically and technologically might have confronted these people and survival of the fittest might have played the role. There must have been wars which might have engulfed the total Indus valley civilisation. Scientists refer to these races as Aryan or Mongoloid.

Also, Indus valley people did not have the knowledge of iron. They made axes, spears, bow and arrows. They did not have the knowledge of defensive weapons which could help them protect themselves at the times of war. Due to invasions they could not sustain themselves and might have left the place. At the same time, they did not know the uses of a horse. If people came on horses and fought with iron weapons, they might have not sustained as they were not technologically developed to that level for wars.

Their concervative behaviour also played a major role in the decline. People of Indus valley experienced several floods before they experienced nature's big blow. There were chances for them to shift to other places, but their conservative behaviour might have brought the situation in which they had to end their lives and at last might have migrated to other places.

Trade was very important for the Indus civilisation. Their main trade partner was Mesopotamia, which was an advanced civilisation in the Middle East. Around the time the Indus cities started to fail, Mesopotamia was going through huge political problems. Their trade networks collapsed and this would have had a big impact on the Indus cities. There would have been less work for traders and for manufacturers, who made the things which the traders sold abroad.

So a combination of various factors led to the decline of one of the largest ancient civilisations of the world.

By 1700 B.C., the Indus civilization had gradually broken up into smaller cultures, called late Harappan cultures and post-Harappan cultures. However, some aspects of Indus art, agriculture, and possibly social organization continued in the smaller cultures. Some of these aspects became incorporated into a unified urban civilization that began developing throughout the region about 600 B.C.

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