Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court Case in which it was ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. It was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movements in the United States.
It overruled a previous Supreme Court decision, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), that stated that racially segregated public facilities were legal as long as their were equal in quality ( the so called 'separate but equal doctrine').
The plaintiff, Oliver Brown, filed a lawsuit against the Board of education of Topeka, Kansas. His daughter, Linda Brown, was denied access to Topeka's white school which was located seven blocks from her home. Instead, she had to walk six blocks to her school bus to ride one mile to her segregated black school. The plaintiff claimed that schools for black children were not equal to the white schools.
Furthermore, Brown claimed that this segregation violated the 'equal protection clause' of the 14th Amendment that guarantees equal protection of the laws to every person.
The Supreme Court did not specify how exactly schools should be integrated but it affirmed that the 'separate but equal doctrine' was not applying as segregated schools were 'inherently unequal".
The ruling of this case raised awareness about racial segregation in the United States and gave way to the civil right movement.